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The universe was tiny the size of a marble or something there-abouts say the various big bang experts,
all matter from every universe was all together in one spot almost infinitely dense and hot (sure that sounds credible beyond
the reasoning of sane minds). According to string theorists, the weak and strong nuclear forces as well as electromagnetism
and gravity were all combined at incredible temperatures and pressures in the big singularity before the big bang that has
been referred to as the mind of God by Paul Davies who seems to adopt a very loose religious view from a scientific perspective!.
None of the big bang theories are credible without the expanding universe. For a real
analysis of why the expanding universe theory is a knowledge virus related to religious beliefs about GOD, see the longhaired one's web site.
Lannigan O'Keefe not only demonstrates the history of the big bang beliefs as biased by religion. He also demonstrates that the intrusion of religion into science
is partially responsible for the adoption of false evidence to support religious views of a GOD creating the Big Bang. Hubble's expanding universe, theories of galaxy formation and the Cosmic Bankground Radiation are often quoted as evidence for a big bang.
Changing the Universe
There is ample evidence, many "white ravens"
which suggest that the expanding universe theory is wrong, but only a few brave Heretics with immense intellectual prowess seem to have noticed this. See a new viable cosmology from the longhaired one's website.
Running with the currently discredited theory...According to various big bang theories, after the initial explosion; time began and there was a rapid expansion of matter away from the center culminating in the distribution of matter observable today. If initial conditions were uniform in the explosion, then matter would be expected to be evenly distributed throughout the universe. The clumping of matter in galactic clusters suggests that the initial conditions were not homogeneous and that there are many things observed today that the big bang does not explain. Questions still remain unanswered, like the question from Lannigan O'Keefe 1995, especially The Hubble red-shift indicating expansion effect could be due to Tired Light.
The big bang theory also constantly comes across observations of galaxy clusters too mature for the postulated age of the universe or even single stars that seem to have existed before the big bang. Rather than throw the theory out, desperate attempts are made to recalculate how soon galaxies might form to fit in with the big bang theory. This is anti-science when observations which contradict the model are modified to fit the model when the paradigm might be fundamentally flawed, but efforts are always made to preserve it, for example by stating that in computer simulations things may seem to take more time. If the big bang is correct there should be no mature galaxies as early as 3 Billion years after the big bang, but there are such galaxies, Modify the theory, but retain the diseased baby and the dirty bathwater, the big bang theory. The big bang theory postulates that matter ejected in the postulated big bang birth of the universe consisted of light elements 75% hydrogen and 25% helium.
Stars formed through gravitational attraction and began to burn energy to hold up under their own weight.The mass of a Hydrogen atom's is 1.008, four Hydrogen atoms can combine to form one Helium nucleus which has a mass of only 4.004. The difference in mass is sufficient to power a sun which converts only 5% of its Hydrogen into Helium. Further reactions can convert Hydrogen and Helium to elements higher up in the atomic table of weights, Deuterium, Lithium and most importantly for us Carbon. (GO CARBON LIFE FORMS)
Many generations of stars have converted light elements into heavier ones and our existence is dependant upon the deaths of supernova exploding elements heavy out into space, the chemical elements necessary for life to form on earth.
4.5 Billion years ago our solar system formed from the debris of prior supernova explosions. The early turbulence of the system is evidenced by the dozens of impact craters on the moon which are over 300 kilometers in diameter and were formed 3.8 to 4 Billion years ago. During this period of intense bombardment, there was an impact of a Mars sized object into earth. The impact theory for the earth's moon explains, why the moon has no metallic core (the impact blew out the lighter silicates the core remained with earth) and also explains why the earth rotates so quickly on its axis compared to other planets. Perhaps without the impact, the earth might rotate as Venus does about once a year so that a day would last a year while the antipodes were frozen in darkness for a year, (these conditions would make it more difficult for life to evolve). Thanks to a cosmic crash our earth obtained a moon and consequently tidal movements of water, 365 or thereabouts rotations in a year, and a 17 degree tilt in our axis of orbit giving rise to the seasons. Thank goodness for Chaos in our early solar system. Other evidence of chaos in our solar system includes:
In a second the earth's environment can be shattered and life exterminated?
Researchers have so far logged about 500 of around one thousand asteroids over 1 km across that could collide with earth. Many more asteroids are from 300 to 1000 meters across rotating slowly often in binary systems with other asteroids; while an asteroid this size would not destroy civilisation, it could destroy a city. There is approximately a 20% chance of an asteroid of this size hitting earth in the next 100 years. Are we worried? It won't land on my city. We can develop ways to deflect them or blow them up in space instead of fighting each other on earth, secure the earth from space first, then we can argue on a more secure earth.
To survive beyond one short-lived generation genetic information must be stored,for duplication.
The existence of molecules capable of reproducing themselves is a pre-cursor to intelligent life for any species that has no longevity.
On Earth this involves Nucleic acid DNA. In 1953 Stanley Miller showed that a simulated environment of water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen
with an electric current passed through it was able to form amino acids, precursors to self replicating molecules. More recent studies suggest that the earth's early
atmosphere was hot and sulphurous and not the friendly environment envisioned by Miller, however organisms have since been discovered
which live in boiling temperatures and sulphurous conditions near volcanic vents in the ocean floor. The ability of these molecules to
evolve is dependant on errors in replication which lead to changes which allow some of these molecules to be better self replicators than
their parents.
Life on earth is based on carbon. Other possible chemical chains containing complex genetic information for self replication could involve carbon-carbon chains with fluorine.
Metallic life forms based on tin or geranium would find oxygen as toxic as mustard gas is to us. Life could prosper in acidic seas
poisonous to us , hydrochloric acid, sulphur or even arsenic. A Silicon life form is possible in a saline high temperatures liquid.
The chemical conditions required for complex exchanges of energy and transmission of genetic information may be more varied than we suspect,
it may well be that nucleic acid is just one system leading to the variety of life on earth. Alternatively, our chemical system utilizing
nucleic acid may be common throughout the universe, it is just that it has taken us so long to achieve some independence from our egocentric
view that the Earth was the center of the universe and we were the pinnacle of creation, so why look else-where for intelligent life?
Galileo was only recently pardoned by the church for his heretical belief that the sun and not the Earth was the center of our system.
The discoveries of science over the past 400 years have shattered the bible as the source of authority for real world applications and has left a void for some rational beings as to who they might be spiritually. Now that we are able to scientifically explore our stellar environment, would it make any difference to our amazement and wonder of the universe, if it wasn't started by a creator for our benefit alone? If there is a GOD I would find it incredible that he takes a personal interest in our terra-firma or bio-sphere. If we discovered intelligence able to communicate with us (Perhaps asking if there were any more episodes of "I Love Lucy" over stellar distances, it is unlikely an individual could live to see the transmission of a message and its return reply based on the current theory of the speed of light as an immutable scientific constant. Although it is only eight light years to Sirius so a sixteen years return message from the amphibians that might be there would be a message worth waiting for. Is there anyone out there. SPACE it's a very big and lonely place.
The possibility of life forms replicating with different chemical elements is interesting, but what of the possibility beyond genetic transmission of information, that organised intelligence could be gained in the single life time of a long-lived alien individual. The sun for example, could be aware of it's planets and be in communication with other suns. Who in a single human lifetime can see but a second in the life of our sun. The riddle of the sphinx is an appropriate metaphor. Humans have only recently been aware of cyclic sunspot activity and perhaps after another billion years of continuous study and transmission of that knowledge to the next generation we may have some intelligent insights into intelligence in this solar system.
Evolution is often viewed as a sifting process, that sorts out who will survive to pass on the genetic information. In the modern world of information technology more information is gained from the environment, education and socialization than was the case eons ago. As a species we advance our knowledge through passing on what we learnt from our parents to our children.
Elements with the most flexibility for energy exchange are Iron, Copper,Vanadium, Molybenum and Cobalt. Humans use Iron some animals use Copper and Vanadium. Humans also require some Molybenum and Cobalt, harking back to an earlier evolutionary stage when a number of biochemical systems were evolving simultaneously before iron and Copper became the predominant systems on earth.
On Earth reactions take place in water but nucleic acid systems could work in ammonia such as in the seas of Jupiter where animals might be swimming or floating in ammonia acid.From the production of hydrogen in the big bang and the observed quantities of heavier elements spewed out into space by supernova explosions, it is apparent that the chemical elements required for our existence have taken billions of years to be produced. We are made up of heavier elements produced in the iron core of long dead suns and are lucky to be here.
Stellar distances are often measured in Astronomical units or AU, one Au is the distance of the earth from
the sun or about 150 million kilometers or 93 Million miles. 19th Century theorists trying to explain the spacing of planets from the sun
found the following mathematical model which almost fits the observed spacings for the inner planets.
Start with this doubling sequence of numbers from "3", add 4 to each and divide the result by 10.
Orbit
| Three plus 4 | Calculated AU Position | Planet | Real AU Position |
|---|---|---|---|
| TitusBodes Formula | Computed AU | Planets RealAU | Real Au |
| 0 + 4 = 4 - 10 | = .4 | Mercury | = .4 |
| 3 + 4 = 7 - 10 | = .7 | Venus | = .7 |
| 6 + 4 = 10 - 10 | = 1.0 | Earth | = 1.0 |
| 12 + 4 = 16 - 10 | = 1.6 | Mars | = 1.6 |
| 24 + 4 = 28 - 10 | = 2.8 | Ceres asteroid | = 2.8 |
| 48 + 4 = 52 - 10 | = 5.2 | Jupiter | = 5.2 |
| 96 + 4 = 100 - 10 | =10.0 | Saturn | = 9.5 |
| 192 + 4 = 196 - 10 | =19.6 | Uranus | = 19.2 |
| 384 + 4 = 388 - 10 | =38.8 | Neptune | = 30.1 |
| 768 + 4 = 772 - 10 | =77.2 | Pluto | = 39.4 |
| 1536 + 4 = 1,540 - 10 | =154 | 2003 UB313 | = 97 |
The status of Pluto as a planet is disputed! The new potential tenth planet is 9 billion miles away from the sun, or 97 times as far away as the Earth and about three times Pluto's current distance from the sun. Its 560-year elliptical orbit brings it as close as 3.3 billion miles. Pluto's orbit ranges between 2.7 billion and 4.6 billion miles.
There seems to be some mathematical relationship between the orbits of the planets, at what distance they formed from the sun. There are also some fluid dynamic explanations for the Titus Bodes relationship.