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Studies of DNA, which is inherited from the mother alone suggest modern humans sprang
from a small stock of common ancestors 2 million years ago. Some great studies here report on the seven major human blood groups for the RH factor human
blood antigen, which also suggests a common African ancestor 180,000 thousand to 200,000 thousand years ago.
Seven genetic tribes and seven major blood groups, do they match each other? If you are genetically from tribe "Tara" are you also blood group "O" ?
Approximate separations for the groups are 100,000 thousand years between Africans and Asians, 50,000 thousand years
between Asians and Australians and 35 - 40,000 thousand years between Asians and Europeans.
Large scales studies of human mitrocondrial DNA by Professor Bryan Sykes in The Seven Daughters of Eve
indicates that there are just seven clusters which account for 95% of modern day Europeans, who are related to one of seven distant clan mothers.
Ursula's modern descendants number about 11% of modern Europeans
and are concentrated around Western Britain and Scandinavia. Six percent of modern people are related to
Xenia a clan mother who lived Twenty-five thousand years after Ursula. You can have your mitochondrial DNA
tested. Once you have your DNA profile, you can determine which clan mother you are most related to by mutations in the DNA. This example relates to Tara.
Hunter gatherers roamed almost all of the world's continents but
did not reach America by walking across the Bering Straight from
Siberia to Alaska until about 12 to 10 thousand years ago when sea
levels were lower and the land masses were joined. The
descendants of the original big game hunters includes the Olmecs,
Maya, Aztecs, Sioux, Cherokee and other native North and South
Americans.
Vela is derived from the Spanish verb velar, to watch.
The Akkadians who followed the Sumerians spoke of the Land of Shumer - which meant the Land of the Watchers.
The star burst was recorded by the Sumerians (as researched by Michanowsky) and coincides with the "date of creation"
circa 4,000 B.C. It was recorded as the "giant star of the god Ea in the constellation of Vela of the god
Ea." - from Science Digest, Mar '81
Precise dating to 7640 BC indicated a worldwide flood probably as the result of a tsunami from a comet impact
into the oceans. A fascinating account of ancient cometary impacts and ancient efforts to
preserve knowledge by building a Uriel's machine to survive the disaster.
Agriculture spread wheat, barley cultivation sheep and goats. The
Chinese were farming along the Yellow river. They buried goods
with their dead indicating a belief in an afterlife. Ancient herding
pens from 300 meters to 3 kilometers long in the Mediterranean
and Asia from this era show that the Arabs and Asians were using
sophisticated group hunting techniques to drive their prey into a
ditch where they were impaled on spikes.
Cheddar man roams around England about 7100 years ago. One theory has it that there are few human remains
perhaps because there may have been a degree of cannibalism?
In the Neolithic stone age there was a great change from hunter
gatherer societies to agriculture, food storage, use of copper and
manufacturing of tools and pottery. Hunter gatherer societies
disappeared rapidly after contact with societies which had domestic
animals and agriculture. The exception being the Australian
Aborigines who were brilliantly adapted nomadic hunter gatherers
in a drought prone environment which still periodically cause famine.
In 4,000 B.C. the World population exploded to 86 million. The first large
city states were Urak, Ur, and Sumeria which invented wooden
wheels for ox drawn carts.
Aratta an ancient civilization of the Jiroft was only recently discovered whic had it's own with its own architecture and language.
The most ancient human preserved intact is a man frozen in a late stone age glacier on the Austrian
border for 4,000 years. The Iceman carried a copper axe, flint dagger, quiver and arrows of yew
(like the famous middle ages English longbow of Yew) he had a haircut, tattoos (blue parallel
lines down the lower spine, a cross behind the left knee and stripes on the right ankle all covered by clothing).
Otzi as he was named appears to have also been a good warrior, he had the DNA from four others on him who he may have killed, but an arrow in the shoulder may have caused him to bleed to death.
The iceman also had a bluish tinge on his teeth and carried a medicine or food bag which contained mushrooms ( possibly a psilocybe which turns bluish
purple when picked) Diamond, (1991) argues that chemical abuse amounts to flaunting a handicap as a guarantee of honesty to
a potential mate that you have great genes. He claims that tattoos are also a mating signal that the wearer could stand pain and the
danger of infection from primitive tattoo needles. This argument assumes mating signals are more important motivation for the
iceman than anything else. Perhaps the iceman was a primitive leader using hallucinogenic mushrooms as part of some ceremony. His teeth were
stained blue. He also had blue tattoos on his lower half, perhaps to show his allegiance to a mushroom cult or as we know it
the hallucinogenic psilocybe.
John Emsley in The Elements of Murder (A History of Poison) stated that Hair samples from the Iceman showed he had high levels of arsenic which might indicate that he was a coppersmith by trade. Copper is often found with ores rich in arsenic. Perhaps the Iceman's teeth were in some way turned blue by the copper and the mushrooms were just for food?
Cuneiform, Latin for wedge (written symbols on clay tablets ) provided
permanent records of societies. Before the advent of writing all
history was handed down orally. The Sumerians also began the custom of sprinkling salt over your shoulder, if you spilt it; they
were very superstitious and originated many methods for predicting the future. See Divination
Ionian's (Greek) on the Aegean coastline unlike the
Babylonians and Egyptians had a more practical questioning approach
to life and did not accept that their rulers were Gods or that there
was a supreme moral authority. The Greeks rejected monarchies
and opted for republican city states. The founder of modern philosophy, rejecting Gods and looking for natural causes was Thales of Miletus and students
that followed him invented philosophy with an emphasis on finding
natural causes and explanations for things rather than saying
everything was the whim of some GOD. A student of Thales,Anaximander originated the belief that matter was composed of
opposites and different amounts of air, fire, earth and water. Thales of Miletus (624-560 BC) turned his back on mythology.
Queen Dido daughter of the King of Tyre founded Carthage in Libya.
She is said to have burnt herself to death on a funeral pyre. She felt betrayed when Aenaes, who she greeted as a hero of the Trojan war left her after seven years.
Aeneas
fleeing the Trojan defeat was Dido's lover.
Anaeus fleeing from the fallen Trojan city settled in Italy and later their descendants Romulus and Remus founded Rome.Romulus killed his brother Remus,
and so Rome is not called Remus.Rome was built on the site where Romulus saw 12 vultures flying overhead.
See the Oracle for details on divination in early Rome before the Republic. Sibylline books. Divination in Rome.
Syracuse founded by Greek colonists from Corinth.
Homer the Greek writer recounts tales of the Trojan war which are considered fairytales until Heinrich Schliemann
finds the site of Troy in modern Turkey in 1873, but what he discovered was a much earlier city, perhaps a thousand years before Homer's Troy.
Gutama Buddha founds Buddhism and promotes
alternatives to the idea that there is an all powerful creator, there
is no personal creator but a cycle of endless rebirth based on our
"Karma". We can work to break this cycle by following the eightfold
path to enlightenment
Pythagoras Invented mathematics as a means of representing perfect harmony. The square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides. Pythagoras did not leave any of his own writing, his geometry is known from Euclid.Pythagoras was also the leader of a mysterious vegetarian cult which believed in reincarnation. He also had a strong emphasis on
music and is the originator of the "Music of the spheres" that the planets each have a musical note because they are divided at
regular intervals like the musical intervals between strings of an instrument. Pythagoras advanced the study of propositional
geometry.
Xenophanes of Colophon thought that man made God in his own image. He ridiculed the human nature of the Greek Olympian Gods stating that, if cattle could draw, they would make their own Gods in the likeness of cattle.
Leonidas The King of Sparta who at Thermopylae in 480 B.C became famous for his spartan bravery and that of
his few hundred men who held the thousands strong Persian army under Xerxes. They died fighting.
The spartans where also tough on their children to make them strong, weak children and often girls would be left to fend for themselves and children often had to wear no clothes all winter to prove themselves to be strong. After a few generations of this harsh environmental sifting of the weak from the strong, they were a very formidable army.
Socrates expanded philosophy to include deduction of wide principles from specific examples. Socrates' philosophy is known only through the writings of his more famous students like Plato,Aristotle, or Xenophon. He was accused of corrupting the youth of his day. Socrates was a nuisance to officials of his day when he questioned and exposed flaws in the status quo. "What is love"? Why did you marry such a difficult woman as Xanthippe?
For all his ideas, Socrates seemed to have NO control over his own destiny, an external locus of control. He was told to kill himself and meekly obliged. Go kill yourself then. OK I'll take Hemlock.
Why was Socrates put on trial at all? Socrates on trial He seems to have said little to defend himself. There seems to be some divinatory influences in accepting his fate.
A belief in fate and divination, consulting the oracles was a major feature of life in the ancient world Greek and Roman world. When the Sybyl was asked, Is anyone was wiser than Socrates? She was un-usually un-ambiguous saying "No". Socrates however wise he may have been, seems to have been conceded that his fate was death. He did not challenge his death sentence, he carried it out taking hemlock. A very honourable citizen, but compliant in the end to an injustice.
Plato left Athens after his teacher Socrates was condemned to death in 399 B.C. He returned to found his famous Academy
in 387 B.C.He was also influenced by Pythagoras, mathematics and geometry were central to his teaching and made way for
later developments by Euclid. Over the entrance to the academy was written "Let no one enter here who is not well
versed in geometry". The idea of fundamental solids was to last through to Kepler's time. The academy lasted until
529 A.D when it was closed by the Christian Emperor Justinian as a pagan teaching. Plato believed that the planets
and the sun orbited the earth in crystal spheres.
Legal Development was pioneered by Hammurabbi, famous for originating "An eye for an eye" principal of justice.
Hundreds of his laws proscribed death or appropriate maiming for the criminal to make the penalty fit the crime.
Before the time of Aristotle there were two main philosophies, from the fifth century BC the atomists like Leucippus his student Democritus and then Epicurus of Samos maintained that matter was composed of atoms
tiny indivisible particles. The stoics believed that matter, fire and water was bound together by a spirit force pneuma, an aether like substance which re-emerged in scientific study of the speed of light by (Michaelson and Morley two thousand years later)
who measured the speed of light through the aether, finding there was no aether. The dominant philosophical view however which permeated Christian culture, was that of Aristotle, who searched for purpose in motion and change.
Aristotle's cosmology of circles, constant speed and unchanging crystal spheres could not explain
planetary movements. Ptolemy of Alexandria was able by using circles within circles to describe a complicated system which roughly
mirrored actual observations of retrograde planetary movement by accepting that planets move at a variable speed. The appearance of
comets and even distant supernova were to bring into question a cosmology that could not accommodate any changes from the
observed phenomena.
In contrast with Aristotle's view, Islam embraced the absolute, infinity was an attribute of GOD while in western culture nothing was equated with the devil by St. Augustine a few hundred years later. In the Greek view, the world was made out of something, for the Hebrew's, the world was made out of nothing.
"Give me a place to stand and I will move the Earth" he is reputed to have said in relation to the use of force
levers and pulleys. Archimedes demonstrated the power of a pulley winching with one hand a laden ship across land.
Archimedes was a prolific ancient inventor, scientist and mathematician. He calculated the value of pi and how to
calculate the volume of a sphere. He was also the first forensic scientist and expert witness in a trial.
He best known for running through the streets of Syracuse naked shouting "Eureka, Eureka I've found it" he was referring
to the law of displacement. He had been consulted to test the purity of a gold crown for king Hiero II, which it was suspected
had been adulterated with silver. A known weight of gold that the crown was supposed to contain was immersed in water and the
amount displaced measured. The crown was found to displace more water than it would if it were pure gold and the jeweller was
executed. Another well known invention is the Archemides screw. A hand wound screw like thread that lifts water from a well.
Syracuse throughout the punic wars between the Romans and the Carthagians had been an ally of Rome under the reign of Hiero II.
On his death Rome viewed Syracuse as an ally of the Carthagians. In 214 BC Marcellus besieged Syracuse. He attacked the coastal
walls of Syracuse with sixty ships. His co-commander Claudius Pulcher attacked the inland walls with ground troops. Marcellus
and Claudius were both initially defeated by Archimede's military machines, which lead to the siege of Syracuse. He invented the largest catapaults and possible a steam driven one as well.
Archimede's as King Hiero's military adviser for many years had prepared Syracuse for the Roman attack. The devices he employed
for the defense of Syracuse and their success against the Roman siege are described in-detail by the historian Polybius (Greek, c. 200-118 BC)
After a long siege Marcellus broke through weak points in the walls and Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier in the invasion.
There are many classical paintings of the killing of Archimedes, symbolic for the killing of knowledge by ignorance and war.
Marcellus, the conqueror of Syracuse looted two spherical globes built by Archimedes.Marcellus was himself later killed by
Hannibal's army in 208 B.C
Cicero credited Thales and Eudoxos with first constructing the globes. The first was a sphere engraved with the
constellations, the second was a mechanical planetarium showing the motion of the known planets around the earth. Cicero stated
that Archimedes must have been a great man to be able to build such an unprecedented device. The Greek mathematician Pappus of
Alexandria, wrote that Archimedes wrote a manuscript On Sphere-making which is now-lost. No examples of Archimede's
planetarium survives. Archimedes has an 82 kilometer wide lunar carter named after him.
The beginning of Second Punic War Hannibal crosses the Alps and invades Italy. In 216 B.C. Hannibal defeated the Romans at
Cannae and camped threateningly within striking distance of Rome. Luckily for those of us who like reading and writing he was not
adequately supported by Carthage. The Carthagians did not have a written language, so no matter what other virtues they had, we
know of them only through the eyes of other cultures who hated them (Rome sowed the ground with salt so nothing would grow after
their final victory in the third punic war, They were a great maritime nation who may have traded as far as the Americas.
The Roman Senate suppressed Bacchus' rites due to disorderly conduct. The cult of Bacchus was well described by Euripidies
(480-406B.C.) in the play The Bacchae which describes unruly drinking and aggression from females involved in the cult.
Carthage was razed to the ground and salt sown to prevent anything growing. Such was the vengeance of Rome in the
Third Punic War. In 183 B.C.Hannibal committed suicide to prevent his capture by the Romans.
Mithridates King of Pontos who held out against the expanding Roman Empire for many years, often in hiding and
disguised was so in fear of his life from both the Romans and his own family who capitulated with the Romans that he practiced
making himself immune to poisons. Medical tolerance to most drugs is normal, larger and larger doses are required to achieve the
same effect. Mithridates achieved his immunity to poison by taking very small amounts of a poison and increasing the dose slowly allowing
the body to adjust to larger normally lethal doses.
Apart from his physical skill, he is remembered as promoting the arts and learning. He surrounded himself with Greek men of letters and awarded prizes to the greatest poets, as he did also to the best eaters. However, it was an uneasy state to be among his friends, for he distrusted everyone.
Cicero a noted Roman orator and author discovers and restores Archimede's tomb.
He is said to have prefaced all his speeches to the Senate with a rant about the dangers of Carthage.
He was executed by Mark Anthony and Octavian for supporting Pompey in the Roman civil war.
Julius Augustus Caesar orders the development of the Julian calendar, totally lacking any humility he names August after himself and makes sure it does not have less days than other months, by adding a couple of days to equal 31 days in August.
Counting back around 400 years, a monk named Dennis the Little got his figures wrong for the birth of Christ. The most likely time for Christ's birth was around April 17th according to astronomical records of when the "Star of Bethlehem" (probably Jupiter) was followed by the Three Wise Men (Zoasterian priests).
Christ was also known to be born in the years of the oppressive rule of Herod king of Judea. Herod died in 4004, so Christ could not have been born four years later.
Toxic metals. Lead contaminated the homes of Romans, water was transported along lead lined aquaducts, it was stored in lead containers and drunk from pewter cups made from lead. Sugar cane was unknown to the Romans and the worst poisoning though came from a sweetener called Sapa which was made by boiling down old wine in lead pans. The acid of the wine leached out the lead from the pans, the resulting crystals of lead acetate looked and tasted like sugar, but was a deadly sweetener. A single spoonful of sapa would be enough to produce symptoms of poisoning.
The symptoms produced by consuming sapa were gout sterility, miscarriages, constipation, headaches and insomnia.
The Roman population remained always fairly constant at about 50 million people, perhaps due in part to lead poisoning.
Socrates expanded philosophy to include deduction of wide principles from specific examples. Socrates' philosophy is known only through the writings of his more famous students like Plato, Aristotle, or Xenophon. He was accused of corrupting the youth of his day. Socrates was a nuisance to officials of his day when he questioned and exposed flaws in the status quo. "What is love"? Why did you marry such a difficult woman as Xanthippe?
For all his ideas, Socrates seemed to have NO control over his own destiny, an external locus of control. He was told to kill himself and meekly obliged. Go kill yourself then. OK I'll take Hemlock.
Why was Socrates put on trial at all? Socrates on trial He seems to have said little to defend himself. There seems to be some divinatory influences in accepting his fate.
